Flooding and injustice in Ningbo, China

Abstract

Flooding induced by sea level rise, intense rainfall events, land subsidence, and storm surges adversely impacts coastal cities worldwide. Flooding events are understood to disproportionately affect places, communities, and individuals that are already socioeconomically disadvantaged, while various flood mitigation and prevention actions may inadvertently deepen existing injustice by further redistributing flood risk to marginalised groups. The specific dynamics of these processes in China remain poorly understood. This article examines the dynamics of flooding and injustice in Ningbo, a major Chinese coastal city that is among the top 20 cities globally in terms of flood exposure. By identi..